Daidaita Blockchain Proof-of-Work don Ayyukan Lissafi na Kimiyya

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa

Fasahar Blockchain ta kawo sauyi mai girma ga tsarin mulki ta hanyar gina tsarin rubutu maras canzawa, amma amfani da makamashi da ke tattare da tsarin Proof-of-Work (PoW) na al'ada ya zama matsala mai tsanani. Ayyukan ma'adinan cryptocurrency na yanzu suna amfani da albarkatun kwamfuta masu yawa yayin da suke samar da sakamako wanda kawai yana tabbatar da tubalan, wanda ke wakiltar bata albarkatun kwamfuta masu yawa.

Babbar tambayar bincike da wannan takarda ta magance ita ce ko za a iya sake amfani da PoW don lissafi na kimiyya mai ma'ana yayin kiyaye kaddarorin tsaro na blockchain. Ba kamar hanyoyin da ake da su kamar Gridcoin da CureCoin waɗanda ke ba da lada ga gudummawar lissafi na waje ba, wannan binciken ya ba da shawarar haɗa matsalolin kimiyya kai tsaye cikin tsarin PoW da kansa.

2. Tushen Proof-of-Work

2.1 Tsarin Proof-of-Work na Al'ada

PoW na blockchain na al'ada, kamar yadda aka aiwatar a Bitcoin, yana buƙatar ma'adinai su nemo ƙimar nonce ta yadda hash ɗin maɓalli na shugaban tubalin ya cika takamaiman ma'auni. Algorithm ɗin ma'adinai za a iya wakilta shi kamar haka:

Nemo $nonce$ ta yadda $SHA256(prev\_block\_hash + transaction\_hash + nonce) < target$

Inda $target$ shine ƙimar da aka daidaita ta yadda take sarrafa wahalar ma'adinai. Wannan tsari yana tabbatar da tsaron blockchain ta hanyar kashe kuɗin lissafi amma baya samar da wani sakamako na kimiyya mai ma'ana.

2.2 Gazawar Proof-of-Work na Hash

PoW na al'ada na hash yana fuskantar iyakoki masu mahimmanci da yawa:

• Yawan amfani da makamashi ba tare da samar da sakamako mai amfani ba
• Kayan aiki na musamman (ASICs) suna haifar da matsin lamba na tsakiya
• Rashin iya amfani da aikin lissafi don fa'idar kimiyya mai faɗi
• Damuwa game da muhalli saboda yawan amfani da wutar lantarki

3. Tsarin Proof-of-Work na Kimiyya

3.1 Bukatun Zane

PoW na kimiyya da ake ba da shawara dole ne ya gamsar da buƙatu huɗu masu mahimmanci waɗanda aka samo daga kaddarorin PoW na al'ada:

1. Wahalar Lissafi: Dole ne matsalar ta kasance mai wuyar warwarewa don kiyaye tsaro
2. Daidaitawa Mai Sauƙi: Dole ne a iya tabbatar da mafita cikin sauƙi ta mahalarta cibiyar sadarwa
3. Ƙarfin Haɗawa: Dole ne a haɗa bayanan tubalin don hana lissafi na farko
4. Wahalar Daidaitawa: Dole ne a iya daidaita sarƙaƙƙiyar matsalar a hankali

3.2 Tsarin Lissafi

Binciken ya ba da shawarar maye gurbin lissafin hash tare da matsalolin ingantawa masu girma, marasa layi. Don Matsalar Matashin Kasuwa (TSP), aikin manufa za a iya tsara shi kamar haka:

Rage $f(\pi) = \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} d_{\pi(i),\pi(i+1)} + d_{\pi(n),\pi(1)}$

Inda $\pi$ ke wakiltar sauye-sauye na birane, $d_{i,j}$ shine nisa tsakanin birane $i$ da $j$, kuma $n$ shine jimillar adadin birane. PoW yana buƙatar neman sauye-sauye wanda ke rage jimillar nisan tafiya ƙasa da kofa da aka daidaita.

4. Sakamakon Gwaji

4.1 Saitin Matsalar TSP

Kwaikwayon ya ƙunshi ma'adinai uku waɗanda suke fafatawa don warware misalin TSP na birane 50. Kowane ma'adinai ya yi amfani da dabarun ingantawa daban-daban:

• Ma'adinai sun aiwatar da algorithms na kwayoyin halitta tare da girman yawan jama'a daban-daban
• An daidaita kofa dangane da shigar cibiyar sadarwa
• An haɗa bayanan tubalin a matsayin takurawa a cikin ingantawa

4.2 Kwaikwayon Ma'adinai

Sakamakon gwaji ya nuna cewa:

• Ma'adinai sun sami mafita masu inganci na TSP waɗanda suka cika ka'idojin PoW
• Blockchain ta kiyaye kaddarorin tsaro ta hanyar aikin lissafi
• Mafita mafi kyau na TSP sun bayyana ta hanyar gasar ma'adinai
• Ingancin mafita ya inganta bayan lokaci yayin da ma'adinai suke inganta hanyoyinsu

5. Aiwar Fasaha

5.1 Zane na Algorithm

Algorithm na PoW na kimiyya yana haɗa bayanan musamman na tubalin cikin matsalar ingantawa. Ana amfani da hash ɗin ma'amala da hash ɗin tubalin da ya gabata don samar da takurawa ko yanayi na farko, yana hana hare-haren lissafi na farko yayin tabbatar da kowane yunƙurin PoW ya keɓanta ga tubalin na yanzu.

5.2 Misalin Code

Duk da cewa takardar ba ta haɗa da takamaiman aiwar code ba, ana iya wakiltar tsarin PoW na kimiyya ta wannan pseudocode:

function scientific_pow(prev_block_hash, transactions, difficulty_target):
    # Samar da matsalar ingantawa daga bayanan tubali
    problem = generate_problem(prev_block_hash, transactions)
    
    # Saita sigogin wahala
    threshold = calculate_threshold(difficulty_target)
    
    # Neman mafita
    while not solution_found:
        candidate_solution = optimization_step(problem)
        solution_quality = evaluate(candidate_solution)
        
        if solution_quality < threshold:
            return candidate_solution
    
    return None

function validate_pow(block, candidate_solution):
    # Tabbatar da ingancin mafita cikin sauri
    problem = reconstruct_problem(block)
    return evaluate(candidate_solution) < block.difficulty_threshold

6. Ayyuka na Gaba

Tsarin PoW na kimiyya yana da ayyuka masu faɗi fiye da ingantawar TSP:

• Gano Magunguna: Kwaikwayon nadawa na furotin da matsalolin haɗin kwayoyin halitta
• Tsarin Yanayi: Ingantawar sigogi na kwaikwayon yanayi mai sarƙaƙƙiya
• Kimiyyar Kayan Aiki: Hasashen tsarin crystal da ingantawar kaddarorin kayan aiki
• Tsarin Kuɗi: Ingantawan fayil da matsalolin binciken haɗari
• Koyon Injin: Binciken gine-ginen jijiyoyin jiki da ingantawar hyperparameter

Hanyar za ta iya canza blockchain daga tsarin da ke da ƙarfin makamashi zuwa babban kwamfuta mai rarraba wanda ke warware ƙalubalen kimiyya masu ma'ana.

7. Nassoshi

1. Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗi na Lantarki na Peer-to-Peer
2. Buterin, V. (2014). Ethereum: Dandalin Kwangila Mai Hikima na Zamani da Dandalin Aikace-aikacen Mulki
3. Gridcoin: Tsarin Lada na Lissafi don BOINC
4. CureCoin: Kwayoyin Nadawa na Furotin
5. Miller, A. da sauransu. (2017). Wasannin Caca da ba za a iya fitar da su ba don Hana Ƙungiyoyin Ma'adinan Bitcoin
6. Ball, M. da sauransu. (2017). Hujjoji na Aiki Mai Amfani
7. Zhu da sauransu. (2017). Koyon Wakilci mara Kulawa tare da Cibiyoyin Samarwa na Adawa mai zurfi

8. Bincike Mai Zurfi