Jerin Abubuwan Ciki
1. Fara Truebit
Takardar ta fara da kwatanta tsarin rarrabawar Bitcoin mai daidaito, wanda ya dogara da lissafi, da kalubalen kafawa da token ɗin kwangila mai hankali ke fuskanta kamar waɗanda aka gabatar don Truebit. Tsarin Bitcoin na "ka samar da kuɗin ka da kanka" baya fassara kai tsaye zuwa tsarin da masu amfani dole ne su samar da token ɗin da ake amfani da shi don biya.
1.1 Kalubalen Kafawa
Sabbin cibiyoyin sadarwa da ke buƙatar biya da takamaiman token suna fuskantar matsalar amfani ta asali: masu amfani ba su da damar samun token ɗin tun da farko. Yayin da ma'adinai/masu saka hannun jari suke da yawa a cikin yanayin blockchain, masu amfani masu dacewa don ayyuka masu rarrabawar iko ba su haka ba. Dole ne ka'idoji su rage rikici da siyasa ga masu amfani ba tare da lalata tsaro ba, musamman a cikin yanayin ƙarancin buƙatar lissafi mai rarrabawar iko.
1.2 Bukatar Farashi Mai Tsayayye
Takardar tana amfani da kwatanci na matukin jirgi da ke buƙatar takamaiman adadin man fetur, ba adadin da ya dace da ƙimar USD ba. Hakazalika, masu amfani da lissafi mai rarrabawar iko suna buƙatar farashin aiki da za a iya hasasawa. Farashin token maras tsayaywa yana sa shirin farashi ya zama ba zai yiwu ba. Wannan yana buƙatar token mai tsayayye wanda ƙimarsa ta danganta da farashin albarkatun da ake cinyewa (lissafi), ba kuɗin waje ba.
2. Tsarin Token Mai Tsayayye
Truebit ya gabatar da tsarin token wanda aka tsara don samar da farashi mai tsayayye don ayyukan lissafi a cikin hanyar sadarwarsa.
2.1 Ka'idojin Zane
Tsarin yana nufin "token mai araha, mai tsayayye wanda ya bambanta da USD." Yana ɗauka cewa babu manyan nodes masu daraja, yana ƙoƙari don tsarin marar amana da rarrabawar iko bisa ga sauƙaƙan zato na tsaro da farashi marar matsayi. Manufar ita ce ƙirƙirar tsarin tattalin arziki mai dorewa wanda zai jawo hankalin masu amfani.
2.2 Alaka da Wutar Lantarki
Wani muhimmin fahimta shine cewa duka token mai tsayayye na Truebit da kuɗin waje na iya yin alaƙa da farashin wutar lantarki. Tunda lissafi a zahiri yana cinye wutar lantarki, token wanda ƙimarsa ta kasance a hankali ko kuma farashin wutar lantarki ya rinjaye shi yana ba da tsarin tsayayye na halitta don farashin ayyukan lissafi.
3. Hanyoyin Rarrabawa
Don magance matsalar rarrabawar farko, takardar ta bincika hanyoyin da suka wuce al'adar yin token tun da farko.
3.1 Amfani da Kudaden Ruwa da Ake da su
Dabarar da aka gabatar tana rage rikici ga masu amfani ta hanyar ba su damar amfani da kadarori (wasu kayan kuɗi masu ruwa) waɗanda ke samuwa a gare su. Tsarin yana amfani da waɗannan token ɗin ruwa da ake da su don rarrabawar farko da samar da ruwa.
3.2 Madadin Yin Token Tun da Farko
Yayin da wasu ayyuka ke amfani da yin token tun da farko (rarrabawar farko ga ƙungiya da aka zaɓa), wannan kadai baya haifar da abin amfani ga jama'a. Takardar ta ba da shawarar hanyoyin rarrabawa waɗanda lokaci guda ke ba da damar samun kudin shiga ga gudanar da aikin da kuma haɓaka haɗin gwiwa a cikin yanayin.
4. Gudanarwa da Rarrabawar Iko
An gabatar da matakin gudanarwa don sarrafa lokacin kafawa da kuma jagorantar hanyar sadarwa zuwa cikakkiyar rarrabawar iko.
4.1 Wasan Gudanarwa
Wasan gudanarwa yana ƙayyade amfani na gajeren lokaci na token don kafa hanyar sadarwa. Hakanan yana haifar da ƙarfafawa na dogon lokaci ga masu riƙe token ɗin gudanarwa.
4.2 Hanyar zuwa Rarrabawar Iko Mai Cin Gashin Kanta
Tsarin rayuwar matakin gudanarwa an tsara shi don ƙarewa a cikin rushewar sa na dindindin. An yi niyya don canza token ɗin gudanarwa zuwa token ɗin amfani. Bayan cikakkiyar canji, "tsarin cikakken rarrabawar iko, amma mai iya haɓakawa" ya rage, wanda ya cimma rarrabawar iko mai cin gashin kanta.
5. Fahimta ta Asali & Bincike
Ra'ayin Mai Bincike: Tsarin Token na Truebit An Warware shi
Fahimta ta Asali: Truebit ba kawai yana gina mai lissafi mai rarrabawar iko ba; yana ƙoƙarin magance matsalar kafawar tattalin arziki ta asali wacce ke lalata yawancin ayyukan token ɗin amfani. Babban ra'ayinsu shine cewa amfanin token ɗin ba shi da ma'ana idan farashin sayansa ya canza kuma ba za a iya hasasawa ba ga mai amfani na ƙarshe. Takardar ta gano daidai cewa ga kasuwar lissafi, tsayayyen farashi dangane da farashin albarkatu (wutar lantarki/tsarin lissafi) ya fi mahimmanci fiye da tsayayya akan USD. Wannan yana canza tsarin zane daga "kuɗi mai tsayayye" zuwa "raka'a na lissafi mai goyon bayan albarkatu," wani abu da yawancin ayyuka suka rasa. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin binciken Bankin Ƙasashen Duniya akan kadarorin crypto, rashin tsayayyen raka'a na lissafi babban cikas ne ga amfani da ayyukan da suka dogara da blockchain don kwangilolin duniya na gaske.
Tsarin Ma'ana: Hujjar tana ci gaba da daidaito na tiyata: (1) Gano matsalar amfani (buƙatar token don amfani da sabis, ba za a iya samun token ba tare da sabis ba). (2) Ƙi mafita masu cike da siyasa kamar fifikon yin token tun da farko. (3) Gabatar da tsarin token biyu tare da token ɗin amfani mai tsayayye don cinyewa da token ɗin gudanarwa don kafawa. (4) Zana tsarin gudanarwa mai lalata kansa wanda ke ƙarfafa canjinsa zuwa amfani, da nufin "bayan gudanarwa" yanayin rarrabawar iko. Wannan kwarara tayi kama da nasarar tsarin kafawa a cikin software mai buɗe ido, inda lokutan mulkin kama-karya sau da yawa ke ba da damar gidauniyoyin da al'umma ke jagoranta.
Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Ƙarfin tsarin shine saninsa na zaɓin lokaci a cikin cinyewa. Kwatanci na man jirgin yana da kyau—yana tsara matsalar cikin sharuddan tattalin arziki na zahiri. Amfani da ruwan da ake da su (misali, ETH) don kafawa yana da hankali kuma yana rage rikici na farko, dabarar da aka gani a cikin nasarar DeFi na farko kamar Uniswap. Duk da haka, laifin takardar shine tafiyar hannu a kusa da tsarin don tsayayye. Ta yaya, daidai, token ɗin yana da alaƙa da farashin wutar lantarki ba tare da mai lissafi ba? Ambaton "tsarin token mai iya yin ƙira" yana da ban sha'awa amma ba a ƙayyade shi ba. Shin tsarin sake fasalin algorithm ne, tsarin matsayi na bashi mai amintacce (CDP) ta amfani da ƙarfin lissafi a matsayin jingina, ko wani abu? Wannan rashin ƙayyadaddun fasaha, mai kama da gibin farko a cikin takardar farin fata na MakerDAO, ya bar injin tattalin arziki na asali ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Bugu da ƙari, "wasan gudanarwa" an bayyana shi ne kawai dangane da sakamako, ba dokoki ko tsarin ƙarfafawa ba, yana sa kimanta amincinsa ya zama ba zai yiwu ba.
Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu gini, abin da za a ɗauka shine raba hanyar musayar daga ma'aunin ƙima yayin kafawa. Ɗauki biya a cikin kadarorin da aka kafa yayin da ake tara ƙima zuwa token ɗin asali ta hanyar canjin kuɗi ko lanƙwasa, dabarar da Livepeer's MerkleMine ke amfani da ita. Ga masu saka hannun jari, bincika kowane aikin "token na lissafi mai tsayayye" akan cikakkun bayanai na tsarinsa na tsayayye—idan bai kasance mai ƙarfi kamar na MakerDAO ko na Terra (kafin rushewa) ba, vaporware ne. Masu tsara doka ya kamata su lura da manufar tsarin don guje wa rarrabuwar tsaro ta hanyar samun token ɗin gudanarwa a fili suna canzawa zuwa amfani mai tsabta, rawa na doka wanda za a gwada shi. Gwaji na ƙarshe ga tsarin Truebit zai kasance ko tsarinsa na tsayayye zai iya jure irin wannan hare-haren hasashe da karkatattu na mutuwa waɗanda suka addabi sauran kadarorin tsayayye na algorithm, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin takardar muhimmiyar "The Inevitability of Price Bubbles in Blockchain Markets" ta Abadi da Brunnermeier.
6. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Tattalin Arziki
Yayin da ɓangaren PDF da aka bayar yana da matsayi mai girma, tsarin tattalin arziki da aka gabata yana nuna hanyoyin fasaha da yawa.
Manufar Tsarin Tsayayye: Wani yuwuwar ƙayyadaddun tsari don token mai tsayayye na lissafi ya haɗa da haɗa ƙimarsa da farashin raka'a na lissafi. Bari $C_{e}$ ya zama matsakaicin farashin wutar lantarki a kowace kWh a cikin kasuwar ma'auni, kuma bari $E_{task}$ ya zama makamashi (a cikin kWh) da ake buƙata don aiwatar da aikin tabbatarwa na yau da kullun akan hanyar sadarwar Truebit. Farashin da aka yi niyya $P_{token}$ don token ɗaya ana iya tsara shi don bin:
$P_{token} \propto C_{e} \times E_{task}$
Wannan ba za a iya kiyaye shi ta hanyar mai lissafi ba, amma ta hanyar ƙira/kona da ke da alaƙa da ƙaddamar da aiki. Lokacin da farashin kasuwa na token ya tashi sama da wannan farashin da aka nuna, ƙa'idar tana ba da damar yin sabbin token a kan ajiyar wasu kadarori (misali, ETH), yana ƙara wadatar don tura farashin ƙasa. Lokacin da farashin ya faɗi ƙasa, ana iya kona token don karɓar rabon kuɗin aikin da aka sanya suna a cikin sauran kadari, yana rage wadatar.
Canjin Token Gudanarwa: Canjin daga token gudanarwa $G$ zuwa token amfani $U$ ana iya ƙirƙira shi azaman aiki na lokaci da amfani da hanyar sadarwa. Misali, ƙimar canji mai lalacewa:
$U(t) = G \times r_0 \times e^{-\lambda t}$
inda $r_0$ shine rabon canjin farko, $\lambda$ shine madaidaicin lalacewa, kuma $t$ shine lokaci ko adadin tubalan. Wannan yana ƙarfafa canjin farko kuma yana tabbatar da cewa matakin gudanarwa a ƙarshe zai narke.
7. Tsarin Bincike & Misalin Lamari
Tsarin don Kimanta Tsarin Kafawa:
- Tushen Ruwa na Farko: Shin tsarin yana buƙatar sabon jari (mai wuya) ko yana amfani da ruwan da ake da su (mai sauƙi)? Truebit ya zaɓi na ƙarshe.
- Rikicin Mai Amfani: Shin mai amfani zai iya amfani da sabis nan da nan tare da kadarorin da suke da su (ETH) ko dole ne su sami sabon token mai canzawa da farko?
- Tsarin Tsayayye: Shin raka'ar lissafi don farashin sabis tana tsayayye dangane da (a) kuɗin waje, (b) ainihin albarkatun da ake sayarwa, ko (c) komai?
- Faɗuwar Gudanarwa: Shin gudanarwar kafawa tana da sadaukarwar aminci don rarrabawa, ko tana ƙarfafa iko?
Misalin Lamari: Bambanci da Filecoin
Filecoin, hanyar sadarwa na ajiya mai rarrabawar iko, ta fuskanci irin wannan matsalar kafawa. Maganinsa ya haɗa da babban yin token tun da farko (sayar da SAFT) don ba da kuɗin ci gaba da tsarin hujja na lokaci mai sarƙaƙiya don rarraba token. Masu amfani (abokan cinikin ajiya) dole ne su sami token ɗin FIL don biyan ajiya. Wannan ya haifar da babban rikici na farko kuma ya fallasa abokan ciniki ga canjin farashin FIL. Tsarin Truebit, ta hanyar nufin tsayayyen farashin albarkatu da amfani da ruwan ETH, yana ƙoƙarin guje wa ɓangarorin biyu. Gudanarwar Filecoin galibi tana tare da ƙungiyar Protocol Labs, yayin da tsarin Truebit ya tsara shirye-shiryen rushewar gudanarwa a fili.
8. Ayyuka na Gaba & Hanyoyi
Tsarin token mai tsayayye na Truebit, idan ya yi nasara, zai iya samun tasiri fiye da lissafi mai tabbatacce.
- Cibiyoyin Sadarwar Kayan Aiki na Zahiri Mai Rarraba Iko (DePIN): Tsarin yana da amfani kai tsaye ga kowane DePIN da ke sayar da albarkatu na duniya na gaske (faɗin bandeji, ajiya, bayanan firikwensin) inda masu samarwa ke samun farashi na farko (wutar lantarki, kayan aiki). Token mai tsayayye akan wannan farashi yana sauƙaƙa farashi ga masu amfani.
- AI Mai Rarraba Iko & Koyon Injin: Yayin da hujjar AI akan sarkar ke girma, kasuwanni don lokacin GPU zasu buƙaci farashi mai tsayayye. Token "mai tsayayye na lissafi" zai iya zama kuɗin asali na dandamali kamar Akash ko Render Network, yana sauƙaƙa wa masu haɓaka AI su tsara kashe kuɗin horo.
- Ayyukan Tsakanin Silsila: Dabarar kafawa ta amfani da kadarorin ruwa da aka kafa (misali, BTC, ETH, SOL) sabbin sarkoki L1 ko L2 zasu iya amfani da su don kafa yanayinsu ba tare da dogaro da yin token tun da farko na jari ba.
- Ci gaban Tsari: Rarrabuwa da hanyar canji daga gudanarwa zuwa token amfani na iya ba da samfuri don ayyukan da ke neman kewaya dokokin tsaro, suna nuna hanyar bayyananna zuwa rarrabawar iko wanda masu tsara doka kamar SEC zasu iya gane su.
- Bincike na Gaba: Manyan tambayoyin da aka buɗe sun haɗa da: Shin za a iya tsara tsarin tsayayye mai ƙarfi, marar mai lissafi? Ta yaya a tabbatar da daidaiton ƙarfafawa na "wasan gudanarwa"? Ta yaya tsarin yake aiki a ƙarƙashin tsananin canjin kasuwa ko abin da ya faru na "bakar swan" a cikin ainihin kadarin da aka yi amfani da shi don ruwa?
9. Nassoshi
- Teutsch, J., Mäkelä, S., & Bakshi, S. (2019). Bootstrapping a stable computation token. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.02946.
- Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Peer-to-Peer.
- Abadi, J., & Brunnermeier, M. (2023). The Inevitability of Price Bubbles in Blockchain Markets. Econometrica.
- Bankin Ƙasashen Duniya (BIS). (2022). Rahoton Tattalin Arziki na Shekara - Babi na III: Tsarin kuɗi na gaba. https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2022e3.htm
- Livepeer. (2018). MerkleMine: Tsarin Rarraba Token Mai Adalci. https://medium.com/livepeer-blog/merkle-mine-a-fair-token-distribution-mechanism-f5b8e45d5d74
- MakerDAO. (2017). Yarjejeniyar Maker: Tsarin Multi-Collateral Dai (MCD) na MakerDAO. https://makerdao.com/en/whitepaper
- Protocol Labs. (2017). Filecoin: Hanyar Sadarwar Ajiya Mai Rarraba Iko. https://filecoin.io/filecoin.pdf